This paper explores the dynamic intersection of fish biology and engineering at hydroelectric facilities across North America. With over 1,000 fish species in our waters and thousands of unique hydroelectric projects, effective fish passage solutions are essential for protecting biodiversity and maintaining ecosystem balance. 
Kleinschmidt’s team outlines upstream and downstream passage technologies from ladders and lifts to nature-like fishways and telemetry systems and emphasizes the need for tailored solutions that reflect the specific needs of each species and site. Regulatory frameworks, conservation efforts, and real-world case studies provide a comprehensive look at how innovation can help safeguard migratory fish and their habitats.
Designed for those involved in hydropower, environmental planning, and resource management, this paper offers a practical lens into advancing fish passage and ecosystem resilience.